سورينام

The indicator is an index and integrates the population abundance and the diversity of a selection of common bird species associated with specific habitats. Each of the three EU aggregate indices (i.e. common farmland birds, common forest birds and all common birds) is a composite, multispecies index calculated using Monte Carlo simulations as described in Soldaat et al. (2017) and an R-script developed by Statistics Netherlands (2017). This indicator presents the unsmoothed estimate. No rare species are included, although some species common in certain Member States may be considered rare in others. The species covered under the common farmland and common forest indices are deemed to be dependent on that particular kind of habitat for feeding and nesting. The list of species is available in the annex under "EU list of all common bird species". When counting the birds in the wild, countries record the observations in different ways. For the analysis done by the EBCC, the results have to be processed according to the minimum standard common to all countries. For more information on the use of bird population data as a general indicator of environmental status, read 'Use of outputs generated by Pan-Europe common bird monitoring scheme'.

The indicator shows the abundance and diversity of a selection of common bird species and is presented as Index 2000 = 100 and Index 1990 = 100. Three groups of bird species are represented: - common farmland species (39 species), - common forest species (34 species), - all common bird species (167 species) which include the farmland species, the forest species and a further 94 common species (generalists, as opposed to the farmland and forest specialists). Rare species are excluded, although some species common in certain Member States may be considered rare in others. The species covered under the common farmland and common forest indices are deemed to be dependent on that particular kind of habitat for feeding and nesting. Each of the three indices is a composite, multispecies index calculated using Monte Carlo simulations as described in Soldaat et al. (2017) and an R-script developed by Statistics Netherlands. The indices are presented for EU-aggregates only and with smoothed values. The indices draw from data produced by the European Bird Census Council and its Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme programme. The data source comprises EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Czech Society for Ornithology. Data coverage has increased from 9 to 22 EU Member States over the period 1990 to 2010, with 25 countries covered as of the reference year 2011.

Landscape fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure and built-up areas has a number of ecological effects. It contributes significantly to the decline and loss of wildlife populations and to the increasing endangerment of species in Europe, for example through the dissection and isolation of populations, and affects the water regime and the recreational quality of landscapes.  Landscape fragmentation is measured in number of meshes per 1000 km² - the effective mesh density. The more barriers fragmenting the landscape, the higher the effective mesh density. The effective mesh size meff expresses the probability that any two points chosen randomly in a region are connected; that is, not separated by barriers such as transport routes or built-up areas. This can be interpreted as the probability that two animals, placed in different locations somewhere in a region, can find each other within the region without having to cross a barrier such as a road, urban area, or major river. Thus, it indicates the ability of animals to move freely in the landscape without encountering such barriers. The more barriers fragmenting the landscape, the lower the probability that the two points are connected, and the lower the effective mesh size. meff is measured in km2.  Fragmentation geometry has been created from input data (TeleAtlas roads/rails, CLC urban classes, mountain areas / mountain ridges based on Nordregio and WorldClim data and rivers/lakes based on Catchment Characterisation and Modelling (CCM) v.2 database and CLC database) and landscape fragmentation metrics (Jaeger 2000) has been calculated. More information can be found here

Ocean Health Index

Annual data on biodiversity are re-published under agreement with the data providers, who are also responsible for the data quality. Eurostat does not receive the data from the Member States. Updates are annual, but with no particular calendar, because we depend on the data providers' ability to deliver. Eurostat's role is to check data quality, provide feedback to the data providers and publish the data it deems to be reliable. Eurostat should therefore NOT be quoted as the source. The topics covered and providers are: Protected terrestrial area by Member State (env_bio1; from Natura 2000 Barometer, DG ENV and EEA)Protected marine area by Member State (idem)Sufficiency index of protected terrestrial area by Member State (idem, to be discontinued and replaced)Sufficiency index of protected marine area by Member State (idem, to be discontinued and replaced)Common farmland bird index by Member State (env_bio2; BirdLife NGOs and OECD)EU Common bird indices by type of estimate (env_bio3; unsmoothed, smoothed with confidence interval) (EBCC/ RSPB /BirLife/Statistics Netherlands Souces for protected areas, European Commission Directorate-General for the Environment (DG ENV),  European Environment Agency (EEA) and its European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity (particularly for the sufficiency indices). Birds: The European Bird Census Council (EBCC) and its Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS) programme. The source to be quoted for the EU Common bird indices by type of estimate is EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands. The source to be quoted for Common farmland bird index by Member State is the national BirdLife organisation, re-published from OECD.

%The index of sufficiency of Member States proposals for sites designated under the habitats directive measures the extent to which Sites of Community Importance proposed by the Member States adequately cover the species and habitats listed in Annexes I and II to the habitats directive. 100% indicates sufficiency of proposals for all Annex I terrestrial habitat types and Annex II terrestrial species of Community interest occuring in Member States' territories.

The OECD Sustainable Ocean Economy Database synthesizes available ocean-related datasets and indicators from across the Organisation to improve their discoverability and comparability. The database brings together relevant indicators from the Environment Directorate (ENV), the Trade and Agriculture Directorate (TAD), the Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE), the International Transport Forum (ITF), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and others.