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For the countries belonging to the euro area, these are factors for converting euro fixed series (NAC) into euro/ECU series, and vice-versa.

For the countries belonging to the euro area, these are factors for converting euro fixed series (NAC) into euro/ECU series, and vice-versa.

Correction coefficients (duty stations) are used to ensure equality of purchasing power of remuneration between different locations within the European Union and Brussels. Correction coefficients are calculated as the ratio between the "economic parity" and the exchange rate to the Euro (where applicable). They operate as a percentage adjustment to remuneration expressed in local currency.  As the correction coefficient is simply the economic parity divided by the exchange rate, it can be seen that the exchange rate effect cancels out and the economic parity is the appropriate conversion rate to convert amounts expressed in local currency into Euro and eliminate the effect of price level differences. The economic parity tells us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries.  The method used to establish economic parities is to compare the price of a basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in Brussels with the price of an equivalent basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in each of the other duty stations. To compile these prices, Eurostat carry out a number of detailed price surveys in cooperation with national statistical institutes. For each item, the price ratio with Brussels is computed. Similar items are grouped into "basic headings", and a geometric mean of the price ratios is calculated to establish a basic heading parity. These basic heading parities are then aggregated to produce an overall parity. This aggregate is computed as a weighted arithmetic mean, using consumption expenditure pattern of international officials as weights.

Correction coefficients (Extra-EU) are used to ensure equality of purchasing power of remuneration between different locations outside the European Union and Brussels. Correction coefficients are calculated as the ratio between the "economic parity" and the exchange rate to the Euro (where applicable). They operate as a percentage adjustment to remuneration expressed in local currency. As the correction coefficient is simply the economic parity divided by the exchange rate, it can be seen that the exchange rate effect cancels out and the economic parity is the appropriate conversion rate to convert amounts expressed in local currency into Euro and eliminate the effect of price level differences. The economic parity tells us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries. The method used to establish economic parities is to compare the price of a basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in Brussels with the price of an equivalent basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in each of the other duty stations. To compile these prices, Eurostat carry out a number of detailed price surveys in cooperation with the United Nations International Civil Service Commission and the International Section on Remuneration and Prices of the Coordinated Organisations. For each item, the price ratio with Brussels is computed. Similar items are grouped into "basic headings", and a geometric mean of the price ratios is calculated to establish a basic heading parity. These basic heading parities are then aggregated to produce an overall parity. This aggregate is computed as a weighted arithmetic mean, using consumption expenditure pattern of international officials as weights.

Correction coefficients (Extra-EU) are used to ensure equality of purchasing power of remuneration between different locations outside the European Union and Brussels. Correction coefficients are calculated as the ratio between the "economic parity" and the exchange rate to the Euro (where applicable). They operate as a percentage adjustment to remuneration expressed in local currency. As the correction coefficient is simply the economic parity divided by the exchange rate, it can be seen that the exchange rate effect cancels out and the economic parity is the appropriate conversion rate to convert amounts expressed in local currency into Euro and eliminate the effect of price level differences. The economic parity tells us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries. The method used to establish economic parities is to compare the price of a basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in Brussels with the price of an equivalent basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in each of the other duty stations. To compile these prices, Eurostat carry out a number of detailed price surveys in cooperation with the United Nations International Civil Service Commission and the International Section on Remuneration and Prices of the Coordinated Organisations. For each item, the price ratio with Brussels is computed. Similar items are grouped into "basic headings", and a geometric mean of the price ratios is calculated to establish a basic heading parity. These basic heading parities are then aggregated to produce an overall parity. This aggregate is computed as a weighted arithmetic mean, using consumption expenditure pattern of international officials as weights.

This table shows exchange rates for currencies used in over 190 world economies presented in a cross rates layout where countries are presented in both rows and columns. National currency per US dollars exchange rates are used to derive explicit exchange rates for each of the countries presented with regard to any other country. Country series are consistent over time: for example, a conversion was made from national currency to Euro for the Euro Zone economies for all years prior to the adoption of Euro.

The present data collection consists of the following indicators:Interest rates : Day-to-day money market interest rates, 3-month interest rates, Euro yields and Long term government bond yields - Maastricht definitionEuro/Ecu exchange rates: Exchange rates against the ECU/euroEffective exchange rates indices : Nominal Effective Exchange Rate, Real Effective Exchange Rate Â

This dataset contains the exchange rate of 1USD to their country local currency.

Note: " Degree of openness (in%) value for 2019 has been modified from 13 to 0.13 as it looks printing mistake at the source. There is no evidence to shoot up in 2019.

Nominal effective series measure changes in the value of a currency against a trade-weighted basket of currencies. A rise in the index means a strengthening of the currency. Real effective series are a measure of the change in competitiveness of a country or geographical area, by taking into account the change in costs or prices relative to other countries. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. The collection comprises industrial countries' effective exchange rates. It is produced by the European Commission (DG ECFIN).

Nominal effective series measure changes in the value of a currency against a trade-weighted basket of currencies. A rise in the index means a strengthening of the currency. Real effective series are a measure of the change in competitiveness of a country or geographical area, by taking into account the change in costs or prices relative to other countries. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. The collection comprises industrial countries' effective exchange rates. It is produced by the European Commission (DG ECFIN).

Nominal effective series measure changes in the value of a currency against a trade-weighted basket of currencies. A rise in the index means a strengthening of the currency. Real effective series are a measure of the change in competitiveness of a country or geographical area, by taking into account the change in costs or prices relative to other countries. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. The collection comprises industrial countries' effective exchange rates. It is produced by the European Commission (DG ECFIN).

Data cited at: International Financial Statistics (IFS), The International Monetary Fund. The International Financial Statistics database covers about 200 countries and areas, with some aggregates calculated for selected regions, plus some world totals. Topics covered include balance of payments, commodity prices, exchange rates, fund position, government finance, industrial production, interest rates, international investment position, international liquidity, international transactions, labor statistics, money and banking, national accounts, population, prices, and real effective exchange rates. The International Financial Statistics is based on various IMF data collections. It includes exchange rates series for all Fund member countries plus Anguilla, Aruba, China, PR: Hong Kong, China, PR: Macao, Montserrat, and the Netherlands Antilles. It also includes major Fund accounts series, real effective exchange rates, and other world, area, and country series. Data are available for most IMF member countries with some aggregates calculated for select regions, plus some world totals. National Accounts, Indicators of Economic Activity, Labor Markets, Prices, Government and Public Sector Finance, Financial Indicators, Balance of Payments, International Investment Position, International Reserves, Fund Accounts, External Trade, Exchange Rates, and Population.

The NEER (Nominal Effective Exchange Rate) is the weighted average of bilateral nominal exchange rates against the currencies of selected trading partners. The data are expresed as % change over 3 years, and % change over 1 year. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN).

The Nominal Effective Exchange Rate is the weighted average of bilateral nominal exchange rates against the currencies of selected trading partners. The data are expressed as 3 years % change, and 1 year % change. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN).

The REER (or Relative price and cost indicators) aim to assess a country's (or currency area's) price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in international markets. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The specific REER for the Sustainable Development Indicators is deflated by nominal unit labour costs (total economy) against a panel of 37 countries (= EU28 + 9 other industrial countries: Australia, Canada, United States, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, Mexico, Switzerland, and Turkey). Double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness.

The REER (or Relative price and cost indicators) aim to assess a country's (or currency area's) price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in international markets. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The indicator is deflated by the price index (total economy) against a panel of 42 countries (= EU27+ 15 other industrial countries: Australia, Canada, United States, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, Mexico, Switzerland, UK, Turkey, Russia, China, Brazil, South Korea and Hong Kong). Double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN). Data are non-seasonal adjusted.

Real effective exchange rate (REER) aims to assess a country's price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in international markets. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The specific REER for the Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure is deflated by the consumer price indices relative to a panel of 42 countries (double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere). A positive value means real appreciation. The data are presented as 3 years % change, and 1 year % change. The MIP scoreboard indicator is the percentage change over three years of the real effective exchange rate (REER) based on consumer price index deflators relative to 42 trading partners. The formula is: [[(REER_HICP_42)t - (REER_HICP_42)t-3] / (REER_HICP_42)t-3]*100 The indicative thresholds are +/-5% for euro area and +/-11% for non-euro area countries. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN)

The REER (Real Effective Exchage Rate) aims to assess a country (or currency area's) price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in the euro area. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The specific REER for the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure is deflated by the consumer price index (total economy) against the euro area partners. Double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. The data are presented as 3 years % change, 1 year % change and Index, 2010=100. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN).

Real effective exchange rate (REER) aims to assess a country's price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in international markets. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The specific REER for the Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure is deflated by the consumer price indices relative to a panel of 42 countries (double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere). The data are expressed as index with base year 2010.

Sub-Saharan Africa: Regional Economic Outlook October 2023

Data cited at: The World Bank https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/ Topic: Global Economic Monitor Publication: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-economic-monitor License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/   The dataset Provides daily updates of global economic developments, with coverage of high income- as well as developing countries. Average period data updates are provided for exchange rates, equity markets, interest rates, stripped bond spreads, and emerging market bond indices. Monthly data coverage (updated daily and populated upon availability) is provided for consumer prices, high-tech market indicators, industrial production and merchandise trade.